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. A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and weaknesses in a. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, information gathering, challenge, recreation, or to evaluate system weaknesses to assist in formulating defenses against potential hackers. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground. There is a longstanding about the term's true meaning. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by who argue that it refers simply to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, and that cracker is the more appropriate term for those who break into computers, whether computer criminal or computer security expert.
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A 2014 article concluded that '. The black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public'.
Author of In computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is more often used by the and popular culture to refer to those who seek access despite these security measures. That is, the media portrays the 'hacker' as a villain. Nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense.
White hat is the name given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a necessary part of the information security field. They operate under a code, which acknowledges that breaking into other people's computers is bad, but that discovering and exploiting security mechanisms and breaking into computers is still an interesting activity that can be done ethically and legally. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, depending on the context. The subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene, or computer underground.
It initially developed in the context of during the 1960s and the microcomputer of the 1980s. It is implicated with and the newsgroup.
In 1980, an article in the August issue of (with commentary by ) used the term 'hacker' in its title: 'The Hacker Papers'. It was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film, Kevin Flynn describes his intentions to break into ENCOM's computer system, saying 'I've been doing a little hacking here'. CLU is the he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon, but there was no public awareness about such activities. However, the release of the film that year, featuring a computer intrusion into, raised the public belief that computer security hackers (especially teenagers) could be a threat to national security.
This concern became real when, in the same year, a gang of teenage hackers in, known as, broke into computer systems throughout the and, including those of, and. The case quickly grew media attention, and 17-year-old Neal Patrick emerged as the spokesman for the gang, including a cover story in entitled 'Beware: Hackers at play', with Patrick's photograph on the cover. The Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense.
Pressured by media coverage, congressman called for an investigation and began work on new laws against computer hacking. Neal Patrick testified before the on September 26, 1983, about the dangers of computer hacking, and six bills concerning computer crime were introduced in the House that year. As a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in 's ', published 1986 in. Use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title 'Stalking the Wily Hacker', an article by in the May 1988 issue of the.
Later that year, the release by of the so-called provoked the popular media to spread this usage. The popularity of Stoll's book, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the public's consciousness. Classifications Several subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with whom they do not agree., author of, advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected.
Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as, and. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term cracker for more malicious activity. According to Ralph D. Clifford, a cracker or cracking is to 'gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system'. These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities. Main article: A 'black hat' hacker is a hacker who 'violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain' (Moore, 2005). The term was coined by, to contrast the maliciousness of a criminal hacker versus the spirit of playfulness and exploration in, or the ethos of the who performs hacking duties to identify places to repair or as a means of legitimate employment.
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Black hat hackers form the stereotypical, illegal hacking groups often portrayed in popular culture, and are 'the epitome of all that the public fears in a computer criminal'. Main article: A grey hat hacker lies between a black hat and a white hat hacker. A grey hat hacker may surf the Internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for example. They may then offer to correct the defect for a fee. Grey hat hackers sometimes find the defect of a system and publish the facts to the world instead of a group of people.
Even though grey hat hackers may not necessarily perform hacking for their personal gain, unauthorized access to a system can be considered illegal and unethical. Elite hacker A among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled. Newly discovered circulate among these hackers. Elite such as conferred a kind of credibility on their members.
Script kiddie A (also known as a skid or skiddie) is an unskilled hacker who breaks into computer systems by using automated tools written by others (usually by other black hat hackers), hence the term script (i.e. A prearranged plan or set of activities) kiddie (i.e. Kid, child—an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature), usually with little understanding of the underlying concept.
Neophyte A neophyte (', or 'noob') is someone who is new to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of the workings of technology and hacking. Blue hat A hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug-test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed.
Also uses the term BlueHat to represent a series of security briefing events. Hacktivist A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to publicize a social, ideological, religious or political message. Can be divided into two main groups:. — Activities involving or; and,. — Making information that is not public, or is public in non-machine-readable formats, accessible to the public. Nation state Intelligence agencies and operatives of nation states.
Organized criminal gangs Groups of hackers that carry out organized criminal activities for profit. This section does not any.
Unsourced material may be challenged and. (August 2011) Vulnerability scanner A is a tool used to quickly check computers on a network for known weaknesses. Hackers also commonly use. These check to see which ports on a specified computer are 'open' or available to access the computer, and sometimes will detect what program or service is listening on that port, and its version number. ( defend computers from intruders by limiting access to ports and machines, but they can still be circumvented.) Finding vulnerabilities Hackers may also attempt to find vulnerabilities manually. A common approach is to search for possible vulnerabilities in the code of the computer system then test them, sometimes the software if the code is not provided.
Brute-force attack Password guessing. This method is very fast when used to check all short passwords, but for longer passwords other methods such as the dictionary attack are used, because of the time a brute-force search takes. Password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. Common approaches include repeatedly trying guesses for the password, trying the most common passwords by hand, and repeatedly trying passwords from a 'dictionary', or a text file with many passwords. Packet analyzer A ('packet sniffer') is an application that captures data packets, which can be used to capture passwords and other over the network. Spoofing attack (phishing) A involves one program, system or website that successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data and is thereby treated as a trusted system by a user or another program — usually to fool programs, systems or users into revealing confidential information, such as user names and passwords.
Rootkit A is a program that uses low-level, hard-to-detect methods to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate operators. Rootkits usually obscure their installation and attempt to prevent their removal through a subversion of standard system security. They may include replacements for system binaries, making it virtually impossible for them to be detected by checking. Social engineering In the second stage of the targeting process, hackers often use tactics to get enough information to access the network.
They may contact the system administrator and pose as a user who cannot get access to his or her system. This technique is portrayed in the 1995 film Hackers, when protagonist Dade 'Zero Cool' Murphy calls a somewhat clueless employee in charge of security at a television network. Posing as an accountant working for the same company, Dade tricks the employee into giving him the phone number of a modem so he can gain access to the company's computer system. Hackers who use this technique must have cool personalities, and be familiar with their target's security practices, in order to trick the system administrator into giving them information. In some cases, a help-desk employee with limited security experience will answer the phone and be relatively easy to trick.
Another approach is for the hacker to pose as an angry supervisor, and when his/her authority is questioned, threaten to fire the help-desk worker. Social engineering is very effective, because users are the most vulnerable part of an organization. No security devices or programs can keep an organization safe if an employee reveals a password to an unauthorized person. Social engineering can be broken down into four sub-groups:. Intimidation As in the 'angry supervisor' technique above, the hacker convinces the person who answers the phone that their job is in danger unless they help them. At this point, many people accept that the hacker is a supervisor and give them the information they seek. Helpfulness The opposite of intimidation, helpfulness exploits many people's natural instinct to help others solve problems.
Rather than acting angry, the hacker acts distressed and concerned. The help desk is the most vulnerable to this type of social engineering, as (a.) its general purpose is to help people; and (b.) it usually has the authority to change or reset passwords, which is exactly what the hacker wants. Name-dropping The hacker uses names of authorized users to convince the person who answers the phone that the hacker is a legitimate user him or herself. Some of these names, such as those of webpage owners or company officers, can easily be obtained online. Hackers have also been known to obtain names by examining discarded documents. Technical Using technology is also a way to get information. A hacker can send a fax or email to a legitimate user, seeking a response that contains vital information.
The hacker may claim that he or she is involved in law enforcement and needs certain data for an investigation, or for record-keeping purposes. Trojan horses A is a program that seems to be doing one thing but is actually doing another. It can be used to set up a in a computer system, enabling the intruder to gain access later. (The name refers to the from the, with the conceptually similar function of deceiving defenders into bringing an intruder into a protected area.) Computer virus A is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. By doing this, it behaves similarly to a, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. While some viruses are harmless or mere hoaxes, most are considered malicious. Computer worm Like a virus, a is also a self-replicating program.
It differs from a virus in that (a.) it propagates through computer networks without user intervention; and (b.) does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Nonetheless, many people use the terms 'virus' and 'worm' interchangeably to describe any self-propagating program. Keystroke logging A is a tool designed to record ('log') every keystroke on an affected machine for later retrieval, usually to allow the user of this tool to gain access to confidential information typed on the affected machine. Some keyloggers use virus-, trojan-, and rootkit-like methods to conceal themselves.
However, some of them are used for legitimate purposes, even to enhance computer security. For example, a business may maintain a keylogger on a computer used at a to detect evidence of employee fraud. Attack patterns are defined as series of repeatable steps that can be applied to simulate an attack against the security of a system. They can be used for testing purposes or locating potential vulnerabilities. They also provide, either physically or in reference, a common solution pattern for preventing a given attack. Tools and Procedures A thorough examination of hacker tools and procedures may be found in Cengage Learning's E CSA certification workbook.
Notable intruders and criminal hackers. Main article:., sentenced to 3 years in prison, is a grey hat hacker whose security group exposed a flaw in AT&T's iPad security. is a expert who exposed multiple flaws in the protocol and investigated Sony's rootkit security issues in 2005. He has spoken in front of the United States Senate on technology issues.
(also known as ) is a longstanding writer for 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. In 1995, he was arrested and charged with possession of technology that could be used for fraudulent purposes, and set legal precedents after being denied both a bail hearing and a speedy trial. (also known as ) is the longstanding publisher of. He is also the founder of the (HOPE) conferences. He has been part of the hacker community since the late 1970s. (also known as Susan Thunder), was an American hacker active during the late 1970s and early 1980s widely respected for her expertise in, and. She became heavily involved in with and Lewis de Payne in, but later framed them for erasing the system files at US Leasing after a falling out, leading to Mitnick's first conviction.
is a Scottish hacker who was facing to the to face criminal charges. Many people in the UK called on the authorities to be lenient with McKinnon, who suffers from. The extradition has now been dropped., known by the handle Fyodor, authored the as well as many network security books and web sites. He is a founding member of the and Vice President of., who claimed that he hacked into the (DNC) computer network. is an advocate, security researcher, and developer for the project. He speaks internationally for usage of Tor by human rights groups and others concerned about Internet anonymity and censorship. (known as St.
Jude) was an American hacker and activist, founding member of the movement, and one of the creaters of, the first. is a computer security consultant and author, formerly the most wanted computer criminal in history. was a Belgian computer programmer and technologist who was also a privacy advocate. is a well-known technologist and who has presented research with and at many international security and hacker conferences.
(known as Gigabyte) is a Belgian hacker recognized for writing the first virus in. (lcamtuf) is a prominent security researcher. RaFa, was a notorious hacker who was sought by the in 2001.
He has since become a respected computer security consultant and an advocate of children's online safety. is the pseudonym of the founder of the. Customs The computer underground has produced its own specialized slang, such as. Its members often advocate freedom of information, strongly opposing the principles of copyright, as well as the rights of free speech and privacy. Writing software and performing other activities to support these views is referred to as. Some consider illegal cracking ethically justified for these goals; a common form is.
The computer underground is frequently compared to the Wild West. It is common for hackers to use aliases to conceal their identities. Hacker groups and conventions. Main articles: and The computer underground is supported by regular real-world gatherings called or 'hacker cons'. These events include (Summer), (Christmas), (February), AthCon, Hacker Halted, and HOPE. Local Hackfest groups organize and compete to develop their skills to send a team to a prominent convention to compete in group pentesting, exploit and forensics on a larger scale.
Hacker groups became popular in the early 1980s, providing access to hacking information and resources and a place to learn from other members. Computer (BBSs), such as the Utopias, provided platforms for information-sharing via dial-up modem. Hackers could also gain credibility by being affiliated with elite groups. Consequences for malicious hacking India Section Offence Punishment 65 Tampering with computer source documents – Intentional concealment, destruction or alteration of source code when the computer source code is required to be kept or maintained by law for the time being in force Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to 20000 rupees 66 Hacking Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to 50000 rupees Netherlands. Article 138ab of prohibits computervredebreuk, which is defined as intruding an automated work or a part thereof with intention and against the law.
Intrusion is defined as access by means of:. Defeating.
By technical means. By false signals or a false.
By the use of stolen and. Maximum imprisonment is one year or a fine of the fourth category. United States, more commonly known as the, prohibits unauthorized access or damage of 'protected computers'. 'Protected computers' are defined in as:. A computer exclusively for the use of a financial institution or the United States Government, or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, used by or for a financial institution or the United States Government and the conduct constituting the offense affects that use by or for the financial institution or the Government. A computer which is used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States; The maximum imprisonment or fine for violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act depends on the severity of the violation and the offender's history of violations under the Act. Hacking and the media Hacker magazines.
Winkler, Ira. Spies Among Us: How to Stop the Spies, Terrorists, Hackers, and Criminals You Don't Even Know You Encounter Every Day. John Wiley & Sons. 'Part 2(d)'. McLean, Virginia: IndyPublish.com. Blomquist, Brian (May 29, 1999).
New York Post. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Stallman.org. Raymond, Eric S. 1985 by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of hacker. Yagoda, Ben (6 March 2014). The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Caldwell, Tracey (22 July 2011). 'Ethical hackers: putting on the white hat'. Network Security.
2011 (7): 10–13. See the, entry 'hacker', last meaning. October 16, 2002.
^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (August 29, 1983). September 27, 1983.
Missing or empty title=. 'Beware: Hackers at play'. September 5, 1983. Pp. 42–46, 48. Washington Post.
Retrieved 2006-04-14. ^ David Bailey, 'Attacks on Computers: Congressional Hearings and Pending Legislation,' sp, p. 180, 1984 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 1984. Clifford, D. Cybercrime: The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-Related Crime. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. ^ Wilhelm, Douglas (2010).
Professional Penetration Testing. Syngress Press. Eccouncil.org. Moore, Robert (2005). Cybercrime: Investigating High Technology Computer Crime. Matthew Bender & Company. Robert Moore.
O'Brien, Marakas, James, George (2011). Management Information Systems. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin. ^ Moore, Robert (2006). Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing. Thomas, Douglas (2002).
Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press. Andress, Mandy; Cox, Phil; Tittel, Ed (2001).
CIW Security Professional. New York, NY: Wiley. PC Magazine Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 31, 2010. A security professional invited by Microsoft to find vulnerabilities in Windows.
(June 15, 2005). Microsoft meets the hackers. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
(October 17, 2005). The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2010. ^ Chabrow, Eric (February 25, 2012). GovInfo Security. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Gupta, Ajay; Klavinsky, Thomas and Laliberte, Scott (March 15, 2002). Informit.com. Rodriguez, Chris; Martinez, Richard. Frost & Sullivan.
Retrieved 13 August 2013. Kerner, Sean Michael.
'Sentry MBA Uses Credential Stuffing To Hack Sites.' Eweek (2016): 8. Academic Search Complete. Thompson, Samuel T.
'Helping The Hacker? Library Information, Security, And Social Engineering.' Information Technology & Libraries 25.4 (2006): 222-225. Academic Search Complete. Press, EC-Council (2011). Penetration Testing: Procedures & Methodologies. Clifton, NY: CENGAGE Learning.
Retrieved 12 August 2017. Hafner, Katie (August 1995). More than one of pages= and page= specified. September 6, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
(Press release)., Central District of California. August 9, 1999. Retrieved April 10, 2010. Holt, Thomas J.; Schel, Bernadette Hlubik (2010). Jordan, Tim; Taylor, Paul A. Hacktivism and Cyberwars. Wild West imagery has permeated discussions of cybercultures.
^ Thomas, Douglas (2003). Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press.
Hacking And Spy Tools For Script Kiddies Videos
Wetboek van Strafrecht, December 27, 2012. Swabey, Pete (27 February 2013). Information Age. Retrieved 21 February 2014. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Staples, Brent (May 11, 2003).
The New York Times. Gibson's novels and short stories are worshiped by hackers Further reading. Apro, Bill; Hammond, Graeme (2005). Hackers: The Hunt for Australia's Most Infamous Computer Cracker. Rowville, Vic: Five Mile Press. Beaver, Kevin (2010).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Conway, Richard; Cordingley, Julian (2004). Code Hacking: A Developer's Guide to Network Security. Hingham, Mass: Charles River Media. Freeman, David H.; Mann, Charles C. At Large: The Strange Case of the World's Biggest Internet Invasion.
New York: Simon & Schuster. Granville, Johanna (Winter 2003). 49 (1): 102–109.:. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Gregg, Michael (2006). Certified Ethical Hacker.
Indianapolis, Ind: Que Certification. Hafner, Katie; Markoff, John (1991). Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier.
New York: Simon & Schuster. Harper, Allen; Harris, Shon; Ness, Jonathan (2011). New York: McGraw-Hill.
McClure, Stuart; Scambray, Joel; Kurtz, George (1999). Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets and Solutions.
Gps Spy Tools
Berkeley, Calif: Mcgraw-Hill. Russell, Ryan (2004). Stealing the Network: How to Own a Continent.
Rockland, Mass: Syngress Media. Taylor, Paul A. Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime. London: Routledge. External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Video produced.
Hacking And Spy Tools For Script Kiddies Youtube
. A hacking tool is a program designed to assist with, or a piece of software which can be used for hacking purposes.
Examples include, and. Bribes have also been described as among the most potent hacking tools, due to their potential exploitation in attacks. Occasionally, common software such as is exploited as a hacking tool as well. Hacking tools such as, however, are well known as Tools. Are people who follow instructions from a manual, without realising how it happens. These Script Kiddies have been an enormous threat to as there are many hacking tools and up for download which are free. Main article: detect vulnerabilities in firewalls, and are able to find a great deal about the computer system, such as the, and how long the system has been online.
However, port scanners are also considered the best security auditing tools. Linux Vulnerabilities Although not much is said about threats to the Linux system, they do exist and could increase in the future. One of the biggest threats to the Linux system is given by the so-called. These are programs that have special privileges and are able to hide their presence from the system administrator. See also. References.